互动战役

关原之战

1600年10月21日 · 关原

东西两军在美浓关原激战,德川家康率领的东军大胜。

背景

秀吉死后,围绕丰臣政权主导权的对立发展为全国规模的战争。石田三成在关原之战一个多月前进入西美浓要冲大垣城,将其作为西军本营,准备迎击东军西上。从福束城之战、岐阜城攻防战,到前一日的杭濑川之战,两军的交战均以大垣城为轴心展开。德川家康于9月14日进抵冈山(大垣市赤坂)。

结局

小早川秀秋倒戈使西军全线崩溃,胜负仅在半日左右便已决定。大谷吉继自刃,石田三成逃向伊吹山,10月27日被捕,11月6日与小西行长、安国寺惠琼一同在京都六条河原被处刑。岛津义弘突破东军中央返回萨摩,南宫山的毛利军则始终按兵不动。次日,家康命竹中重门埋葬阵亡者,修筑了东西两处首冢。

关原之战 — 关原

战况年表

1 10月20日

西军在杭濑川获胜

岛左近、蒲生备中等约500人出大垣城,先设伏兵,渡过杭濑川挑衅东军中村一荣队。待其出战,以佯退诱入伏中将其击破,提振了西军士气。

论点

岐阜县的解说指出,杭濑川的川筋已经改变,战斗发生的场所并不确定。

島左近

Crossed the Kuise river with 500 men and broke Nakamura's unit.

出处356·可信度:高

2 10月20日 夜

西军出大垣城前往关原

石田三成在关原之战一个多月前进入西美浓要冲大垣城,以之为西军本营,两军交战一直以此城为轴心。这一夜西军出城前往关原。宇喜多秀家担任殿后,据传在夜半行军途中被东军先锋福岛队追上,发生了小规模冲突。

石田三成

Had made Ogaki Castle the Western headquarters.

宇喜多秀家

Covered the rear on the march to Sekigahara.

出处127·可信度:中

3 10月21日 上午6时前后

家康在桃配山布阵

德川家康于前一日九月十四日进抵冈山(大垣市赤坂),当日上午6时前后在俯瞰东山道的桃配山布阵。

徳川家康

Deployed on Momokubariyama around 6 a.m.

出处12·可信度:高

4 10月21日 拂晓前

两军在关原布阵

西军以笹尾山的石田三成、松尾山的小早川秀秋为两翼,布成鹤翼之阵。东军在关原盆地中央以福岛正则为先锋,布成鱼鳞之阵。南宫山有毛利秀元、吉川广家等布阵,东军的池田辉政、浅野幸长在此加以戒备。

论点

各阵迹的位置,建立在明治时期乡土史家神谷道一所奠定的布阵地比定之上,并非同时代史料给出的坐标。

石田三成

Deployed on Sasaoyama.

島左近

Deployed at the foot of Sasaoyama.

小西行長

Deployed on Kita-Tenmanzan.

宇喜多秀家

Deployed on Minami-Tenmanzan with about 17,000 men.

島津義弘

Deployed with his nephew Toyohisa and some 1,500 men.

大谷吉継

Deployed in Yamanaka facing Matsuoyama.

小早川秀秋

Deployed on Matsuoyama, 293 m high.

毛利秀元

Deployed on Nangusan as Terumoto's deputy.

吉川広家

Deployed on the eastern side of Nangusan.

安国寺恵瓊

Deployed on Nangusan.

長束正家

Took position on Nangusan.

長宗我部盛親

Deployed on Nangusan.

福島正則

Held the point of the Eastern array in the centre of the basin.

松平忠吉

Deployed near the present Sekigahara station.

井伊直政

Deployed with Matsudaira Tadayoshi.

黒田長政

Deployed on Okayama with Takenaka Shigekado.

竹中重門

Deployed on Okayama with Kuroda Nagamasa.

細川忠興

Deployed west of Okayama.

本多忠勝

Deployed behind the Eastern line.

池田輝政

Deployed at Tarui to guard against Nangusan.

浅野幸長

Deployed near the Tarui milestone.

出处12·可信度:中

5 10月21日 上午

井伊队抢先出击揭开战端

东军先锋本为福岛正则,但井伊直政认为由德川家打响第一战至关重要,遂与松平忠吉一同越过福岛队侧翼,进至宇喜多队前开枪射击,战事由此开始。

井伊直政

Broke ranks with Matsudaira Tadayoshi and fired on the Ukita.

松平忠吉

Broke ranks with Ii Naomasa.

福島正則

Attacked the Ukita after being pre-empted.

宇喜多秀家

Received the Eastern attack on Minami-Tenmanzan.

出处12489·可信度:高

6 10月21日 上午

两军以烽火传递开战

小西行长在北天满山举烽火,向西军传告开战。东军方面,布阵冈山的黑田长政、竹中重门也举起进攻信号的烽火。

小西行長

Raised a signal fire on Kita-Tenmanzan.

黒田長政

Raised the signal to attack from Okayama.

竹中重門

Was on Okayama with Kuroda Nagamasa.

出处12·可信度:中

7 10月21日 上午

岛左近在笹尾山麓负伤

布阵笹尾山麓的岛左近一度顶住东军猛攻,但遭黑田队射击负伤而退出战线,石田队随之被逐步压迫。

島左近

Wounded by Kuroda musket fire and withdrew.

黒田長政

Fired on the Ishida contingent from Okayama.

細川忠興

Attacked the Ishida with the Kuroda and Takenaka units.

出处12·可信度:中

8 10月21日 上午

岛津队按兵不动

岛津义弘率约1500人固守阵地,上午一味采取守势,连石田三成的求援也予以拒绝。

島津義弘

Stayed on the defensive and refused the call for support.

石田三成

Asked the Shimazu for support.

出处12·可信度:高

9 10月21日 上午

南宫山的毛利军不动

毛利秀元作为辉元的名代在南宫山布阵,却被暗通家康的吉川广家挡在前面而无法出动。长束正家、长宗我部盛亲也始终未能参战。

毛利秀元

Could not move because Kikkawa and others were in contact with Ieyasu.

吉川広家

In contact with Ieyasu, he stayed in front of the Mori force.

安国寺恵瓊

Was left a spectator on Nangusan.

長束正家

Withdrew to Minakuchi in Omi without engaging.

長宗我部盛親

Never moved.

出处12·可信度:高

10 10月21日 上午11时前后

家康把本阵推进至阵场野

由于难以掌握战况,家康把本阵移到正对笹尾山石田三成阵地的阵场野,从靠近前线之处激励东军。

论点

所谓他从此阵地开枪威慑松尾山的小早川秀秋,只是流传下来的一种说法。

徳川家康

Moved his headquarters to Jinbano.

出处12·可信度:高

11 10月21日 正午前后

小早川秀秋倒戈

在松尾山俯瞰主战场的小早川秀秋,决意倒向早有联络的东军。受藤堂高虎招诱的胁坂安治等四队也随之转投东军。

小早川秀秋

Went over to the Eastern army from Matsuoyama.

脇坂安治

Changed sides after Kobayakawa.

出处12·可信度:高

12 10月21日 正午前后

大谷队覆灭

布阵于松尾山正面的大谷吉继遭小早川秀秋、胁坂安治等从三面攻击。因病而乘轿指挥的吉继,所部覆灭,本人自刃。

大谷吉継

Attacked from three sides; his contingent destroyed, he took his own life.

平塚為広

Had been entrusted with command at the front in Yoshitsugu's stead.

藤堂高虎

Crossed swords with the Otani contingent.

京極高知

Fought the Otani contingent with the Todo unit.

小早川秀秋

Charged down on the Otani from Matsuoyama.

出处12·可信度:高

13 10月21日 下午

西军在决战地全面崩溃

小早川秀秋倒戈使战况骤变,东军一举占优。攻向石田队、岛津队的东军各部挤满了这一带,成为全场最激烈的搏杀。天下分野的胜负,仅在半日左右便告决定。

石田三成

Overrun by the Eastern units, he fled toward Mount Ibuki.

福島正則

Broke the Ukita and pushed forward.

田中吉政

Helped break the Ishida contingent.

小西行長

Was routed and later gave himself up.

出处12489·可信度:高

14 10月21日 下午

岛津队突破敌阵

西军全面崩溃后,岛津义弘部为寻退路径直突破东军中央。其侄岛津丰久在乌头坂担任殿后奋战,义弘得以返回萨摩。

島津義弘

Broke through the Eastern centre and returned to Satsuma.

島津豊久

Fought the covering action at Utozaka.

井伊直政

Pursued the Shimazu with the Matsudaira and Honda units.

本多忠勝

Pursued the Shimazu.

出处12·可信度:高

15 10月22日以后

首实检与首冢的营建

战后次日,家康命竹中重门修复被毁的神社,并处理遗留在战场的阵亡者。重门埋葬遗体,营建了东西两处首冢。首实检在阵场野举行。

徳川家康

Held the inspection of heads at Jinbano.

竹中重門

Buried the dead and raised the eastern and western head mounds.

田中吉政

Ordered to find Mitsunari, he took him in the Ibuki mountains.

出处12·可信度:高

历史地位

世人多以为天下在一日之战中易主,实际上这是一场涵盖伏见、岐阜、大津、田边、出羽、丰后等各地的广域战争,关原是其决着之处。丰臣秀赖仍留在大坂城,德川与丰臣的最终了断要等到1614至1615年的大坂之阵。战后的改易与加增转封重新排布了全国领主,1601年的势力图为德川政权66国、丰臣氏3国。

主要相关人物

徳川方

13人

徳川家康

Commander of the Eastern army

Reached Okayama in Ogaki on the 14th and deployed at Momokubariyama around 6 a.m. on the 15th, then moved his headquarters opposite Mitsunari's position around 11 a.m.

出处12·可信度:高


松平忠吉

Vanguard of the Eastern army

Deployed near the present Sekigahara station and, with Ii Naomasa, broke ranks to fire on the Ukita contingent.

出处12·可信度:高


井伊直政

Vanguard and inspector of the Eastern army

Holding that the Tokugawa house should strike first, he broke ranks with Matsudaira Tadayoshi to open the battle, and pursued the Shimazu in the afternoon.

出处12·可信度:高


福島正則

Leading unit of the Eastern army

Held the point of the Eastern army's fish-scale formation in the centre of the Sekigahara basin, and attacked the Ukita after the Ii and Matsudaira units pre-empted him.

出处12·可信度:高


黒田長政

Eastern army, Okayama position

Deployed on Okayama hill with Takenaka Shigekado and some 5,000 men, raised the signal fire at the outset, and wounded Shima Sakon with musket fire.

出处12·可信度:高


竹中重門

Eastern army, Okayama position

Shared the Okayama position with Kuroda Nagamasa, and the day after the battle was ordered to bury the dead and raise the two head mounds.

出处12·可信度:高


細川忠興

Eastern army

Attacked the Ishida contingent alongside the Kuroda and Takenaka units.

出处12·可信度:高


本多忠勝

Inspector of the Eastern army

In the afternoon he joined the Matsudaira and Ii units in pursuing Shimazu Yoshihiro.

出处12·可信度:高


藤堂高虎

Eastern army

Fought Otani Yoshitsugu's units together with Kyogoku Takatomo, and is said to have been in secret contact with Wakisaka Yasuharu.

出处12·可信度:中


京極高知

Eastern army

Fought the Otani contingent alongside Todo Takatora.

出处12·可信度:中


田中吉政

Eastern army

Helped break the Ishida contingent, and afterwards was ordered to search for Mitsunari, capturing him in the Ibuki mountains.

出处12·可信度:高


池田輝政

Eastern army

After the assault on Gifu Castle he deployed at Tarui to guard against the forces on Nangusan.

出处12·可信度:中


浅野幸長

Eastern army

Having taken Gifu Castle, he deployed near the Tarui milestone to watch the Mori forces on Nangusan.

出处12·可信度:中

石田方

16人

石田三成

Core of the Western army

Deployed on Sasaoyama, which overlooks the field and commands the Hokkoku road; when the Western army broke he fled toward Mount Ibuki and was later captured by Tanaka Yoshimasa.

出处12·可信度:高


島左近

Commander under Ishida

Won the previous day's fight at the Kuise river with 500 men and held the foot of Sasaoyama, but was wounded by Kuroda musket fire and left the line.

出处12·可信度:中


宇喜多秀家

Deputy commander of the Western army

Held Minami-Tenmanzan with about 17,000 men, the largest Western contingent, and had covered the rear on the march to Sekigahara.

出处12·可信度:高


小西行長

Western army

Deployed on Kita-Tenmanzan and raised a signal fire as the battle opened; after the rout he gave himself up and was executed in Kyoto with Mitsunari.

出处12·可信度:高


大谷吉継

Western army

Deployed in Yamanaka facing Matsuoyama and directed his men from a palanquin because of illness; attacked from three sides by Kobayakawa and Wakisaka, his contingent was destroyed.

出处12·可信度:高


平塚為広

Commander under Otani

Lord of Tarui Castle; he served under Otani Yoshitsugu and was entrusted with command at the front in his stead.

出处12·可信度:中


島津義弘

Western army

Deployed with his nephew Toyohisa and some 1,500 men, stayed on the defensive through the morning and refused Mitsunari's call for support, then broke through the Eastern centre and returned to Satsuma.

出处12·可信度:高


島津豊久

Western army

Yoshihiro's nephew; he covered the retreat and fought the Eastern pursuit at Utozaka.

出处12·可信度:中


小早川秀秋

Turned from the Western to the Eastern army

Deployed on Matsuoyama, 293 m high, and resolved to go over to the Eastern side he had been in contact with; the Western army collapsed from that point.

出处12·可信度:高


脇坂安治

Turned from the Western to the Eastern army

Approached beforehand by Todo Takatora, he changed sides with three other contingents once Kobayakawa turned.

出处12·可信度:中


毛利秀元

Western army, Nangusan

Deployed on Nangusan as Mori Terumoto's deputy, but could not move—and so could not join the battle—because Kikkawa Hiroie and others were in contact with Ieyasu.

出处12·可信度:高


吉川広家

Western army, Nangusan

As the senior figure of the house he opposed Mori participation on the Western side, and deployed on Nangusan after secretly reaching Ieyasu.

出处12·可信度:高


安国寺恵瓊

Western army, Nangusan

He had a hand in making Mori Terumoto the Western commander-in-chief; unable to move from Nangusan, he was beheaded after the battle with Mitsunari and Yukinaga.

出处12·可信度:中


長束正家

Western army, Nangusan

He marched from Ise into Mino and took position on Nangusan, but withdrew to his domain at Minakuchi without engaging.

出处12·可信度:中


長宗我部盛親

Western army, Nangusan

Deployed on Nangusan as part of the Western main force, but never moved.

出处12·可信度:中


毛利輝元

Commander-in-chief of the Western army

Raised as commander-in-chief of the Western army, he remained in Osaka Castle and never took the field at Sekigahara.

出处12·可信度:高

数据注意事项

出处所载日期为旧历,本战相当于庆长五年九月十五日。公历以已经过查证的1600年10月21日为基准,同一旧历九月内的日期按相同日差换算。各阵迹的位置是明治时期以后的比定地。

参考资料

  1. 岐阜関ケ原古戦場記念館「古戦場・史跡巡り」
  2. 岐阜県観光公式サイト「岐阜の旅ガイド」
  3. 大垣市「市指定史跡 関ケ原合戦岡山本陣跡」
  4. 岐阜県「岐阜関ケ原古戦場記念館」
  5. 岐阜県観光公式サイト「杭瀬川古戦場」
  6. 大垣・西美濃観光ポータル「関ケ原合戦 決戦前夜 大垣城」
  7. 城郭マスタ(shiro.geojson)
  8. 関ケ原観光ガイド「開戦地」
  9. 関ケ原観光ガイド「決戦地」
  10. 国土地理院 住所検索

正文中的编号对应上方列表中的资料。可信度表示该记述在出处中获得多大程度的佐证,并非指坐标的精度或年代的确度。

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