互動合戰

關原之戰

1600年10月21日 · 關原

東西兩軍在美濃關原激戰,德川家康率領的東軍大勝。

背景

秀吉死後,圍繞豐臣政權主導權的對立發展為全國規模的戰爭。石田三成在關原之戰一個多月前進入西美濃要衝大垣城,將其作為西軍本營,準備迎擊東軍西上。從福束城之戰、岐阜城攻防戰,到前一日的杭瀨川之戰,兩軍的交戰均以大垣城為軸心展開。德川家康於9月14日進抵岡山(大垣市赤坂)。

結局

小早川秀秋倒戈使西軍全線崩潰,勝負僅在半日左右便已決定。大谷吉繼自刃,石田三成逃向伊吹山,10月27日被捕,11月6日與小西行長、安國寺惠瓊一同在京都六條河原被處刑。島津義弘突破東軍中央返回薩摩,南宮山的毛利軍則始終按兵不動。次日,家康命竹中重門埋葬陣亡者,修築了東西兩處首塚。

關原之戰 — 關原

戰況年表

1 10月20日

西軍在杭瀨川獲勝

島左近、蒲生備中等約500人出大垣城,先設伏兵,渡過杭瀨川挑釁東軍中村一榮隊。待其出戰,以佯退誘入伏中將其擊破,提振了西軍士氣。

爭議點

岐阜縣的解說指出,杭瀨川的川筋已經改變,戰鬥發生的場所並不確定。

島左近

Crossed the Kuise river with 500 men and broke Nakamura's unit.

出處356·可信度:高

2 10月20日 夜

西軍出大垣城前往關原

石田三成在關原之戰一個多月前進入西美濃要衝大垣城,以之為西軍本營,兩軍交戰一直以此城為軸心。這一夜西軍出城前往關原。宇喜多秀家擔任殿後,據傳在夜半行軍途中被東軍先鋒福島隊追上,發生了小規模衝突。

石田三成

Had made Ogaki Castle the Western headquarters.

宇喜多秀家

Covered the rear on the march to Sekigahara.

出處127·可信度:中

3 10月21日 上午6時前後

家康在桃配山布陣

德川家康於前一日九月十四日進抵岡山(大垣市赤坂),當日上午6時前後在俯瞰東山道的桃配山布陣。

徳川家康

Deployed on Momokubariyama around 6 a.m.

出處12·可信度:高

4 10月21日 拂曉前

兩軍在關原布陣

西軍以笹尾山的石田三成、松尾山的小早川秀秋為兩翼,布成鶴翼之陣。東軍在關原盆地中央以福島正則為先鋒,布成魚鱗之陣。南宮山有毛利秀元、吉川廣家等布陣,東軍的池田輝政、淺野幸長在此加以戒備。

爭議點

各陣跡的位置,建立在明治時期鄉土史家神谷道一所奠定的布陣地比定之上,並非同時代史料給出的座標。

石田三成

Deployed on Sasaoyama.

島左近

Deployed at the foot of Sasaoyama.

小西行長

Deployed on Kita-Tenmanzan.

宇喜多秀家

Deployed on Minami-Tenmanzan with about 17,000 men.

島津義弘

Deployed with his nephew Toyohisa and some 1,500 men.

大谷吉継

Deployed in Yamanaka facing Matsuoyama.

小早川秀秋

Deployed on Matsuoyama, 293 m high.

毛利秀元

Deployed on Nangusan as Terumoto's deputy.

吉川広家

Deployed on the eastern side of Nangusan.

安国寺恵瓊

Deployed on Nangusan.

長束正家

Took position on Nangusan.

長宗我部盛親

Deployed on Nangusan.

福島正則

Held the point of the Eastern array in the centre of the basin.

松平忠吉

Deployed near the present Sekigahara station.

井伊直政

Deployed with Matsudaira Tadayoshi.

黒田長政

Deployed on Okayama with Takenaka Shigekado.

竹中重門

Deployed on Okayama with Kuroda Nagamasa.

細川忠興

Deployed west of Okayama.

本多忠勝

Deployed behind the Eastern line.

池田輝政

Deployed at Tarui to guard against Nangusan.

浅野幸長

Deployed near the Tarui milestone.

出處12·可信度:中

5 10月21日 上午

井伊隊搶先出擊揭開戰端

東軍先鋒本為福島正則,但井伊直政認為由德川家打響第一戰至關重要,遂與松平忠吉一同越過福島隊側翼,進至宇喜多隊前開槍射擊,戰事由此開始。

井伊直政

Broke ranks with Matsudaira Tadayoshi and fired on the Ukita.

松平忠吉

Broke ranks with Ii Naomasa.

福島正則

Attacked the Ukita after being pre-empted.

宇喜多秀家

Received the Eastern attack on Minami-Tenmanzan.

出處12489·可信度:高

6 10月21日 上午

兩軍以烽火傳遞開戰

小西行長在北天滿山舉烽火,向西軍傳告開戰。東軍方面,布陣岡山的黑田長政、竹中重門也舉起進攻信號的烽火。

小西行長

Raised a signal fire on Kita-Tenmanzan.

黒田長政

Raised the signal to attack from Okayama.

竹中重門

Was on Okayama with Kuroda Nagamasa.

出處12·可信度:中

7 10月21日 上午

島左近在笹尾山麓負傷

布陣笹尾山麓的島左近一度頂住東軍猛攻,但遭黑田隊射擊負傷而退出戰線,石田隊隨之被逐步壓迫。

島左近

Wounded by Kuroda musket fire and withdrew.

黒田長政

Fired on the Ishida contingent from Okayama.

細川忠興

Attacked the Ishida with the Kuroda and Takenaka units.

出處12·可信度:中

8 10月21日 上午

島津隊按兵不動

島津義弘率約1500人固守陣地,上午一味採取守勢,連石田三成的求援也予以拒絕。

島津義弘

Stayed on the defensive and refused the call for support.

石田三成

Asked the Shimazu for support.

出處12·可信度:高

9 10月21日 上午

南宮山的毛利軍不動

毛利秀元作為輝元的名代在南宮山布陣,卻被暗通家康的吉川廣家擋在前面而無法出動。長束正家、長宗我部盛親也始終未能參戰。

毛利秀元

Could not move because Kikkawa and others were in contact with Ieyasu.

吉川広家

In contact with Ieyasu, he stayed in front of the Mori force.

安国寺恵瓊

Was left a spectator on Nangusan.

長束正家

Withdrew to Minakuchi in Omi without engaging.

長宗我部盛親

Never moved.

出處12·可信度:高

10 10月21日 上午11時前後

家康把本陣推進至陣場野

由於難以掌握戰況,家康把本陣移到正對笹尾山石田三成陣地的陣場野,從靠近前線之處激勵東軍。

爭議點

所謂他從此陣地開槍威懾松尾山的小早川秀秋,只是流傳下來的一種說法。

徳川家康

Moved his headquarters to Jinbano.

出處12·可信度:高

11 10月21日 正午前後

小早川秀秋倒戈

在松尾山俯瞰主戰場的小早川秀秋,決意倒向早有聯絡的東軍。受藤堂高虎招誘的脅坂安治等四隊也隨之轉投東軍。

小早川秀秋

Went over to the Eastern army from Matsuoyama.

脇坂安治

Changed sides after Kobayakawa.

出處12·可信度:高

12 10月21日 正午前後

大谷隊覆滅

布陣於松尾山正面的大谷吉繼遭小早川秀秋、脅坂安治等從三面攻擊。因病而乘轎指揮的吉繼,所部覆滅,本人自刃。

大谷吉継

Attacked from three sides; his contingent destroyed, he took his own life.

平塚為広

Had been entrusted with command at the front in Yoshitsugu's stead.

藤堂高虎

Crossed swords with the Otani contingent.

京極高知

Fought the Otani contingent with the Todo unit.

小早川秀秋

Charged down on the Otani from Matsuoyama.

出處12·可信度:高

13 10月21日 下午

西軍在決戰地全面崩潰

小早川秀秋倒戈使戰況驟變,東軍一舉佔優。攻向石田隊、島津隊的東軍各部擠滿了這一帶,成為全場最激烈的搏殺。天下分野的勝負,僅在半日左右便告決定。

石田三成

Overrun by the Eastern units, he fled toward Mount Ibuki.

福島正則

Broke the Ukita and pushed forward.

田中吉政

Helped break the Ishida contingent.

小西行長

Was routed and later gave himself up.

出處12489·可信度:高

14 10月21日 下午

島津隊突破敵陣

西軍全面崩潰後,島津義弘部為尋退路徑直突破東軍中央。其姪島津豐久在烏頭坂擔任殿後奮戰,義弘得以返回薩摩。

島津義弘

Broke through the Eastern centre and returned to Satsuma.

島津豊久

Fought the covering action at Utozaka.

井伊直政

Pursued the Shimazu with the Matsudaira and Honda units.

本多忠勝

Pursued the Shimazu.

出處12·可信度:高

15 10月22日以後

首實檢與首塚的營建

戰後次日,家康命竹中重門修復被毀的神社,並處理遺留在戰場的陣亡者。重門埋葬遺體,營建了東西兩處首塚。首實檢在陣場野舉行。

徳川家康

Held the inspection of heads at Jinbano.

竹中重門

Buried the dead and raised the eastern and western head mounds.

田中吉政

Ordered to find Mitsunari, he took him in the Ibuki mountains.

出處12·可信度:高

歷史意義

世人多以為天下在一日之戰中易主,實際上這是一場涵蓋伏見、岐阜、大津、田邊、出羽、豐後等各地的廣域戰爭,關原是其決著之處。豐臣秀賴仍留在大坂城,德川與豐臣的最終了斷要等到1614至1615年的大坂之陣。戰後的改易與加增轉封重新排布了全國領主,1601年的勢力圖為德川政權66國、豐臣氏3國。

主要相關人物

徳川方

13人

徳川家康

Commander of the Eastern army

Reached Okayama in Ogaki on the 14th and deployed at Momokubariyama around 6 a.m. on the 15th, then moved his headquarters opposite Mitsunari's position around 11 a.m.

出處12·可信度:高


松平忠吉

Vanguard of the Eastern army

Deployed near the present Sekigahara station and, with Ii Naomasa, broke ranks to fire on the Ukita contingent.

出處12·可信度:高


井伊直政

Vanguard and inspector of the Eastern army

Holding that the Tokugawa house should strike first, he broke ranks with Matsudaira Tadayoshi to open the battle, and pursued the Shimazu in the afternoon.

出處12·可信度:高


福島正則

Leading unit of the Eastern army

Held the point of the Eastern army's fish-scale formation in the centre of the Sekigahara basin, and attacked the Ukita after the Ii and Matsudaira units pre-empted him.

出處12·可信度:高


黒田長政

Eastern army, Okayama position

Deployed on Okayama hill with Takenaka Shigekado and some 5,000 men, raised the signal fire at the outset, and wounded Shima Sakon with musket fire.

出處12·可信度:高


竹中重門

Eastern army, Okayama position

Shared the Okayama position with Kuroda Nagamasa, and the day after the battle was ordered to bury the dead and raise the two head mounds.

出處12·可信度:高


細川忠興

Eastern army

Attacked the Ishida contingent alongside the Kuroda and Takenaka units.

出處12·可信度:高


本多忠勝

Inspector of the Eastern army

In the afternoon he joined the Matsudaira and Ii units in pursuing Shimazu Yoshihiro.

出處12·可信度:高


藤堂高虎

Eastern army

Fought Otani Yoshitsugu's units together with Kyogoku Takatomo, and is said to have been in secret contact with Wakisaka Yasuharu.

出處12·可信度:中


京極高知

Eastern army

Fought the Otani contingent alongside Todo Takatora.

出處12·可信度:中


田中吉政

Eastern army

Helped break the Ishida contingent, and afterwards was ordered to search for Mitsunari, capturing him in the Ibuki mountains.

出處12·可信度:高


池田輝政

Eastern army

After the assault on Gifu Castle he deployed at Tarui to guard against the forces on Nangusan.

出處12·可信度:中


浅野幸長

Eastern army

Having taken Gifu Castle, he deployed near the Tarui milestone to watch the Mori forces on Nangusan.

出處12·可信度:中

石田方

16人

石田三成

Core of the Western army

Deployed on Sasaoyama, which overlooks the field and commands the Hokkoku road; when the Western army broke he fled toward Mount Ibuki and was later captured by Tanaka Yoshimasa.

出處12·可信度:高


島左近

Commander under Ishida

Won the previous day's fight at the Kuise river with 500 men and held the foot of Sasaoyama, but was wounded by Kuroda musket fire and left the line.

出處12·可信度:中


宇喜多秀家

Deputy commander of the Western army

Held Minami-Tenmanzan with about 17,000 men, the largest Western contingent, and had covered the rear on the march to Sekigahara.

出處12·可信度:高


小西行長

Western army

Deployed on Kita-Tenmanzan and raised a signal fire as the battle opened; after the rout he gave himself up and was executed in Kyoto with Mitsunari.

出處12·可信度:高


大谷吉継

Western army

Deployed in Yamanaka facing Matsuoyama and directed his men from a palanquin because of illness; attacked from three sides by Kobayakawa and Wakisaka, his contingent was destroyed.

出處12·可信度:高


平塚為広

Commander under Otani

Lord of Tarui Castle; he served under Otani Yoshitsugu and was entrusted with command at the front in his stead.

出處12·可信度:中


島津義弘

Western army

Deployed with his nephew Toyohisa and some 1,500 men, stayed on the defensive through the morning and refused Mitsunari's call for support, then broke through the Eastern centre and returned to Satsuma.

出處12·可信度:高


島津豊久

Western army

Yoshihiro's nephew; he covered the retreat and fought the Eastern pursuit at Utozaka.

出處12·可信度:中


小早川秀秋

Turned from the Western to the Eastern army

Deployed on Matsuoyama, 293 m high, and resolved to go over to the Eastern side he had been in contact with; the Western army collapsed from that point.

出處12·可信度:高


脇坂安治

Turned from the Western to the Eastern army

Approached beforehand by Todo Takatora, he changed sides with three other contingents once Kobayakawa turned.

出處12·可信度:中


毛利秀元

Western army, Nangusan

Deployed on Nangusan as Mori Terumoto's deputy, but could not move—and so could not join the battle—because Kikkawa Hiroie and others were in contact with Ieyasu.

出處12·可信度:高


吉川広家

Western army, Nangusan

As the senior figure of the house he opposed Mori participation on the Western side, and deployed on Nangusan after secretly reaching Ieyasu.

出處12·可信度:高


安国寺恵瓊

Western army, Nangusan

He had a hand in making Mori Terumoto the Western commander-in-chief; unable to move from Nangusan, he was beheaded after the battle with Mitsunari and Yukinaga.

出處12·可信度:中


長束正家

Western army, Nangusan

He marched from Ise into Mino and took position on Nangusan, but withdrew to his domain at Minakuchi without engaging.

出處12·可信度:中


長宗我部盛親

Western army, Nangusan

Deployed on Nangusan as part of the Western main force, but never moved.

出處12·可信度:中


毛利輝元

Commander-in-chief of the Western army

Raised as commander-in-chief of the Western army, he remained in Osaka Castle and never took the field at Sekigahara.

出處12·可信度:高

數據說明

出處所載日期為舊曆,本戰相當於慶長五年九月十五日。公曆以已經過查證的1600年10月21日為基準,同一舊曆九月內的日期按相同日差換算。各陣跡的位置是明治時期以後的比定地。

參考資料

  1. 岐阜関ケ原古戦場記念館「古戦場・史跡巡り」
  2. 岐阜県観光公式サイト「岐阜の旅ガイド」
  3. 大垣市「市指定史跡 関ケ原合戦岡山本陣跡」
  4. 岐阜県「岐阜関ケ原古戦場記念館」
  5. 岐阜県観光公式サイト「杭瀬川古戦場」
  6. 大垣・西美濃観光ポータル「関ケ原合戦 決戦前夜 大垣城」
  7. 城郭マスタ(shiro.geojson)
  8. 関ケ原観光ガイド「開戦地」
  9. 関ケ原観光ガイド「決戦地」
  10. 国土地理院 住所検索

正文中的編號對應上方列表中的資料。可信度表示該記述在出處中獲得多少佐證,並非指座標的精度或年代的確度。

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